Manisa Turkish - "Lost in Space.." - Spatial Relationships
The examples shown with an asterisk (*) are taken from an old Turkish Grammar. We are indebted to the anonymous author and crave his indulgence in using then for the interest of our fellow Turkish learners.
Some Space Oddities
As in English these spatials may either be adjectives or nouns.
Consider: The exterior door. The outside wall - here we are using the word exterior and outside as adjectives describing the nouns they possess - in this case - door and wall. But as in English these spatials can also be nouns.
Consider: At the back of the house. From the top of the table. We can easily see that in this case both back and top are nouns - it is even pointed out to us by the use of the Definite Article - the back and the top. However when we say At the back of the house. then we can also say The house's back (if needs be in English).
This is exactly the same as the Possessive Relationship in Turkish:
Evin arkası - The back of the house - [Lit: the house-of the back-its.]
Masanın üstü - The top of the table - [Lit: the table-of the top-its.]
We can see that Spatial Relationships are just another form of the Possessive Relationship in Turkish where one noun owns the second ev-in arka-sı - the back of the house. As we have already learned that is a new Extended Noun then we can apply further small suffixes - to, from, at etc. - to complete the meaning as required.
Masanın üstünden - From the top of the table. (uses -den suffix).
Masanın üstünde. - On the top of the table. (uses -de suffix).
Masanın üstüne. - To the top of the table. (Uses -e suffix).
This then is the way that Turkish treats Spatial Relationships and some of the main ones are shown below. Many of these are in use in daily life - it is for this reason that Manisa Turkish has dealt with Spatial Relationships as a topic on its own.
Formation of Spatials
dış / dışı - Exterior, outside
Used as an Adjective (dış)
dış kapı - the outside gate
dış avlu - the outside yard
Used as a Noun (dışı)
kapının dışı - the outside of the gate
bankanın dışına - to the outside of the bank
evin dışında - at the outside of the house
bahçenin dışından - from the outside the garden
A cafe sign
"Please do not bring anything to eat and drink from outside."
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kapının dışından - from (the) outside (of the) gate
bankanın dışından - from (the) outside (of the) bank
peronun dışına - to (the) outside (of the) railway platform
English sometimes drops the little word - of. The noun dışı - the exterior - takes a buffer letter -n- when adding the -de and -dan suffixes. A little warning: Try not mix this word with diş - tooth - which of course is spelt with a Dotted -i-
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As an Adverb of Place - dışardan - from outside - A sign in a park cafe in Kuşadası
"In here which are sold products from outside to bring is prohibited. We thank you."
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dışardan - from outside - is used without a preceding noun, because it is a adverb of place.
dışarı gidiyorum. - I'm going out. (dışarıya - also could be used)
dışarıdan geliyorum. - I'm coming from outside.
dışarıdayım - I am outside. (or - dışardayım - like - buradayım - which is spoken - burdayım - the shortened forms being generally used in daily conversation).
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Some further examples
Evin dışına çıktı. - He went out of the house. (to the outside of the house)
Kapının dışında bir adam bekliyordu. - A man was waiting outside the door. (at the outside of..)
Evin dışından arabalar geçiyor. - Cars are passing outside the house. (by way of the outside of the house)
Some Spatial Expressions
iç - interior, internal
-(n)in içine - to the inside of
-(n)in içinde - at the inside of
-(n)in içinden - from the inside of
Used as an Adjective
iç hastalıkları - internal diseases
iç savaş - civil war
Used as a Noun
odanın içi - the inside of the room
ormanın içinde - in the depths the forest
garın içinden - from the inside of the railway station
* Some further examples
Tirenin içinde yer buldu, oturdu. - He found a place in the train and sat down.
Bu kutuda ne var? Bilmem, içine bakmadım - What is in this box? I don't know, I haven't looked inside.
Odanın içinden bir gürültü geliyordu - A noise was coming from inside the room
Bu odanın içindekiler hepsi kiralıktır - The contents of this room are all on hire.
Eşyalarımı kutu içine koydum - I put my things into a box/boxes
Eşyalarımı kutunun içine koydum - I put my things into the box
Bir hafta içinde kitabini bitirecek - He will finish his book within a week
Bu şehrin içinde çok insan var - There are many people in this town
As an Adverb of Place - içeri - inside
içeri - inside - is used without a preceding noun, because it is a adverb of place.
içeri - I'm going in(side). (içeriye - also could be used)
içerden geliyorum. - I'm coming from inside.
Also - içeri - and - dışarı can be used with nouns.
Lütfen kapıdan içeri giriniz. - Please go(pass) inside through(or from) the door.
Evimden dışarı çık! - Get out of my house!.
yan - side, flank
-(n)in yanına - to the side of
-(n)in yanında - at/by the side of
-(n)in yanından - from the side of
Used as an Adjective
yan kapı - side gate
yan sokak - side road
Used as a Noun
kapının yanında - at the side of the gate
bankanın yanından - from the side of the bank
sol duvarın yanına - to the side of the left wall
duvarın sol yanına - to the left side of the wall
* Some further examples
Mehmet, Ali'nin yanına oturdu. - Mehmet sat down next to Ali.
Mehmet, Ali'nin yanında oturdu. - Mehmet sat next to Ali.
Kitabi, yatağın yanındaki masanın üstüne attı. - He threw the book on top of the table beside the bed.
taraf - side, side part
-(n)in tarafına - to the side part of
-(n)in tarafında - at/by the side part of
-(n)in tarafından - from the side part of
Used as a Noun - taraf - is not an adjective - it is only used as a noun
kapının tarafında - at the side of the gate
bankanın tarafından - from the side (of) the bank
peronın tarafına - to the side of the railway Platform
Some examples with - taraf - side part
Arabanın alt tarafından bir seyler damlıyor. - Something(s) is dripping from the underside of the car.
Sen kimin tarafındasın? Benim mi onun mu? - Whose side are you on? Mine or his?
Dolabın üst tarafına baktın mı? - Have you looked at (to) the topside of the cupboard?
üst - top, topmost
-(n)in üstüne - to the top of
-(n)in üstünde - at/by the top of
-(n)in üstünden - from the top of
Used as an Adjective
üst tepe - the top hill
en üst pencere - the uppermost window - (superlative)
Used as a Noun
bardağın üstünde - on top of the glass
ağaçların üstüne - towards the top of the trees
arabamın üstünden - from the top of the my car
* Some further examples
Kitabi, masanın üstüne koydu - He put the book on top of the table
Kapının üzerinde büyük bir pencere vardı - There was a big window over (on top of) the door
üzeri - over
üzeri - over, on top of, in addition to, besides
-(n)in üzerine - over
-(n)in üstünde - at/by the top of, over the top of..
-(n)in üstünden - from the top of, from over the top of..
Used in Construction - üzeri - is not an noun or adjective - it is only used in prpositional constructions.
elma üzerine portakal getir - in addition to apples get (some) oranges
binanın üzerinden - from over the building
masanın üzerindeki fincan - the cup which is on top of the table
* Some further examples
Bu sözün üzerine çok kızdım. - Upon these words I became very angry.
Bunun üzerine çok kızdım.- Upon this I became very angry.
alt - under
alt - bottom, under, below, underneath
-(n)in altına - under, to the under of
-(n)in altında - under, at/by the under of
-(n)in altından - from underneath
Used as an Adjective
alt kapı - the bottom gate
alt dolap - the lower cupboard
Used as a Noun
Alt dolabın altına fincanları koyunuz dışarda - Put the cups (to the) underneath the bottom cupboard
Masanın altından topu cekin - Get the ball from under the table
Sağ ayağımın altı kaşınıyor - The underneath of my right foot is itching
* Some further examples
Köpek dolabın altına girdi, orada yatıyor. - The dog went under the cupboard (entered to the underneath the cupboaurd) and is lying there.
Köpek dolabın altında yatıyor. - The dog is lying under the cupboard.
Köpeğimiz hep ayak altında. - Our dog is always underfoot.
orta - middle, center
-(n)in ortasına - to the middle of
-(n)in ortasında - at the middle of
-(n)in ortasından - from the middle of
Used as an Adjective
orta kapı - the middle gate
orta oda - the center room
Used as a Noun
parkın ortasına - to the middle of the park
bahçenin ortasında - in the middle of the garden
orta odanın ortasından - from the center of the middle room
* Some further examples
Yemeğin ortasında geldi - He arrived in the middle of the meal.
Her zaman yemek ortasında gelir - He always comes in the middle of dinner.
Sokağın ortasında yürüyor - He is walking in the middle of the street.
Tam sokağın ortasında yürüyor - He is walking right in the middle of the street.
Tam sokağın ortasından yürüyor - He is walking exactly down the middle of the street.
Ahmed'in kitabinin ortasına kadar okudum - I read as far as the middle of Ahmet's book
Buraya hafta ortasında vardı - He arrived here in midweek.
Buraya haftanın ortasında vardı - He arrived here in the middle of the week.
art - behind
art - behind, rear side, backside
-(n)in ardına - to the behind of
-(n)in ardında - at the rear of
-(n)in ardından - from behind of
Used as a Noun - art - is not an adjective - it is only used as a noun
kapının ardında - at the rear the door, behind the door
bankanın ardından - from behind the bank
mutfağın ardına - to the rear of the kitchen
arka - back, rear
-(n)in arkasına - to the back of
-(n)in arkasında - at/by back of
-(n)in arkasından - from the back of
Used as an Adjective
arka kapı - the back gate
arka bahçe - the back garden
Used as a Noun
kapının arkası - the back of the door
garajın arkasından - from back of the garage
kuyruğun arkasına - to the back of the queue
* Some further examples
Evimin arkasında büyük bir bahçe var - There is a big garden behind my house
Masanın arkasına baktınız ml? - Did you look behind the table?
ön - front
-(n)in önüne - to the front of
-(n)in önünde - at/by front of
-(n)in önünden - from the front of
Used as an Adjective
ön kapı - the front door
ön pencereler - the front windows
Used as a Noun
kapının önünde - in front of the door
manavın önüne - to the front of the greengrocer's
rafların önünden - from the front of the shelves
* Some further examples
Otobüs, tam evımızın önünde durur.- The bus stops just in front of our house.
Bahçemizin önündeki duvarda oturduk.- We sat on the wall in front of our garden.
yakın - near
yakın - near, nearby, close to, in the vicinity of
-(n)in yakınına - to the nearby of
-(n)in yakınında - nearby
-(n)in yakınından - from near the
Used as an Adjective
yakın kapı - the nearby gate
yakın bir ofis - an office nearby
Used as a Noun
kapının yakınında - near the gate
kapının yakınlarında - near by the gate - (plural is more vague)
bankanın yakınından - from close to the bank - [Lit: from the near of the bank]
otogarın yakınına - in the vicinity of bus station
Used as an Adverb of Place - yakın - near
bankaya yakın - near to the bank
ara - space between
-(n)in arasına - in between
-(n)in arasında - between
-(n)in arasından - from between
Used as an Adjective
ara kapı - the door between - (a connecting door between rooms)
Used as a Noun
hafta arası - mid-week
kapıların arasında - in between (of) the doors
masaların arasına iskemleyi koyun - Put the chair (to the) between (of the) tables
bunların arasından bir tane alın - Take one from between these
This word refers to the space between two or more things. it is used in constructions which mean "between" or "among" and is preceded either by a plural noun or several nouns connected by ile - also, and.
* Some further examples
Evlerimizin arasında büyük bir bina var. - There is a big building between our houses.
O evlerin arasında bir park var. - There is a park amongst those houses.
Amerika ile Avrupa arasında Atlas Okyanusu var. - The Atlantic Ocean is between America and Europe.
karşı - opposite, against
-(n)in karşısına - to the opposite side of, against
-(n)in karşısında - at the opposite side of, against
-(n)in karşısından - from the opposite side of, against
Used as an Adjective
karşı kapı - the opposite gate
karşı kaldırım - the opposite pavement - (USA: opposite sidewalk)
Used as a Noun
kapının karşısında - opposite the gate
bankanın karşısındaki sokak - the street which is opposite the bank
Mehmet, kahvenin karşısından çıktı - Mehmet came out from opposite the cafe
* Some further examples
Fabrika, evimizin karşısında. - The factory is opposite our house (across from our house).
Mehmed'in karşısına oturdu. - He sat down facing (opposite, across from) Mehmet.
Bir kedi karşıma çıktı - A cat appeared in front of me.
etraf - around
Etraf was originally an Arabic Plural of taraf - side
etraf - around, environment, surroundings
-(n)in etrafına - to the surrounds of
-(n)in etrafında - around the
-(n)in etrafından - from around the
Used as a Noun - etraf- is not an adjective - it is only used as a noun
masamıznın etrafına bolca çiçek koyuldu - Flowers galore were put around our table
etrafımda çocuklar oyunuyordu - the children were playing (all) around me
bostanın etrafından - from around the vegetable garden
çevre - around, surrounding
A sign in a park
"Let us keep our surroundings clean."
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çevre - is synonymous with - etraf [Abr.] above - and is gradually replacing the Arabic word
-(n)in çevresine - to the surrounds of
-(n)in çevresinde - around the
-(n)in çevresinden - from around the
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Used as an Adjective
çevre yolu - circular road - (bypass road)
Used as a Noun
kentin çevreleri - the surroundings of the town
bankanın çevresinde bir park bulunur - there is a park surrounding the bank
fabrikanın çevresine bir engel koydular - they have put a barrier around the factory
A building site at Kuşadası - May 2006 - Çevre-miz-e - An actual example
"We apologize on account of the dangers and discomforts that we will give to our surroundings during building works."
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çevre-miz-e... - surroundings-of-us-to...
ınsaat sırasında - during the building (works)
vereceğimiz zaralardan - from the damages that we wil give
rahat-sız-lık-lar-dan dolayı - [lit: discomfortnesses-from because of] - on account of discomfort.. (the word is just "discomfort" in English
-dan dolayı - because of../on account of... This construction takes the "movement away from" (ablative) case.
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aşağı - down, downstairs
-(n)in aşağısı - downwards
-(n)in aşağısında - below, downstairs
-(n)in -aşağısından - from below, less than
Used as an Adjective
aşağı mahalle - a low town district - (Figuratively: slum)
aşağı kat - the floor below
Used as a Noun
inişın aşağısı - downhill - [Lit: The down of the hill]
merdivenin aşağısına - to downstairs
yolun aşağısından yürüyün - Walk from the bottom of the road
Dağın aşağısı serin. - It is chilly down the mountain - [Lit: The down of the mountain is chilly.]
Dağın aşağısındaki ağaçlar çok güzel. - The trees which are at the lower side of the mountain are very beautiful.
Dağın aşağısından gelen rüzgar çok soğuk. - The wind which comes from the lower side of the mountain is so cold.
Used as an Adverb of Place - aşağı - downstairs
aşağı gidiyorum. - I going downstairs or - aşağıya gidiyorum. - I going (to) downstairs
yukarı - above, up upstairs
-(n)in yukarısına - upwards
-(n)in yukarısında - up,upstairs
-(n)in yukarısından - from above/more than
Used as an Adjective
yukarı ev - the house above
yukarı dal - the branch (of a tree) above
Used as a Noun
yokuş yukarı - uphill
merdivenin yukarısı - upstairs
tepenin yukarısından indik - We came down from the top of the hill
peş - back, the space behind
Peş means "the back of a moving object". Usually found in the form peşinden which come to mean after. Used (only of a moving object) when something (or someone) follows after something else that is also in motion.
Otobüsün peşinden gittik - We went after the bus (we followed the bus)
Benim peşime düşün! - Follow me! (Fall in behind me.)
Note: peşin, peşinat - pre-payment, paid in advance
peşin para - cash, ready money, spot cash
Examples for study
Bir adam, vapurun arkasından suyun içine duştu. - A man fell from the back of the ship into the water.
Onlarla bizim aramızda, bahçe üzerine kavga çıktı. - A fight arose between them and us over the garden.
Büyük bir ağacın altında yere yattı. - He lay on the ground under a big tree.
Her şeyim el altında. - Everything of mine is at hand.
Dükkanın arkasında büyük elma ağaçları var. - There are big apple trees behind the store.
Halil her aksam içki içer, gece ortasında eve gelir. - Halil drinks every evening and comes home in the middle of the night.
Size bir paket getirdim, eşyalarınızın arasına attım. - I brought you a package and threw it among your things.
Bu kıs, sizinkinin karşısındaki evde oturacağız. - This winter we will live in the house opposite yours.
Paketin içindekilerini bize gösterir misiniz? - Will you show us the contents of the package?
Evin dış kısmına baktık, irine ama girmedik. - We looked at the outside part of the house, but we didn't go inside.
Yunus Emre'nin Ahmedin üstündeki tesiri çok büyüktür. - Yunus Emre's influence on Ahmet is very great.
Askerler, şehrin önüne duvar yaptılar. - The soldiers made a wall in front of the city.
Ahmet daima o kızın peşinden gider. -Ahmet always follows that girl.
Senin koca ayaklarının yanında yer kalmadı. - There is no room left beside your enormous feet.
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